black dot: the State capital Teresina
red dot: Pedra Furada site
54. Possible Relatives in the Americas
Pedra Furada sites (Piauí , Brazil)
by George Weber
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Table of Contents
1. Location and environment of the Pedra Furada sites 3.Prof. Niède Guidon, discoverer, excavator and centre of permanent controversy 4. The site Toca do Boqueirao do Sitio da Pedra Furada |
1. Location and environment of the Pedra Furada sites
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black dot: the State capital Teresina red dot: Pedra Furada site |
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The location of the the Capivara National Park in which many of the Pedra Furada sites are located.
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The natural scenery at the Capivara National Park in Piaui is breathtaking (photo Fumdham).
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The Capivara National Park (as the name says) is not just a major concentration of archaeological sites but a spectacular national park with a reception centre for visitors. The establishment of the park is a major achievement of Prof Guidon and her crew. Few prehistoric archaeological sites in the world can offer anything remotely like it. |
Archaeological sites in and around the Capivara National park are
usually grouped together as the Capivara (or the Pedra Furada)
mega-site.
Adapted from Fundham maps.
According to Prof. Guidon in 2005, no less than 839 archaeological sites of all types had been found in the Capivara National Park mega-site, and more are being found all the time. The map below shows the core area of the Padra Furada sites within the Capivara Park. Some of the better-known sites are shown with the official site numbers (map dapted from Fumdham maps).
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023 Toca do Boqueirao do Sitio
da Pedra Furada |
385 Toca do Caldeirao do Domingos |
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An excavation in progress. |
3. Prof. Niède Guidon - discoverer, excavator, and centre of permanent controversy
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The formidable Prof. Niède Guidon is the driving force behind both fame and controversy of the Pedra Furada site. She is one of a very small band of archaeologists who is willing to work in remote and deprived areas of Brazil. Her discoveries at Pedra Furada have put the poor and remote state of Piaui firmly on the archaeological world map and have given the state a major tourist attraction. Her beneficial social and educational work in Piaui is also noteworthy.
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Niède Guidon is an archaeologist with a French background working on a remote and initially little-known Brazilian archaeological site.
The unconventional way she has developed and publicised her site has not greatly endeared her to the predominantly male Brazilian and US archaeological establishment. Until fairly recently, US and Latin-American archaeology has been dominated by the Clovis-First theory which stated that finds in the Americas predating Clovis could simply not exist since, you guessed it, Clovis was first.The Clovis First theory collapsed when the Monte Verde site (excavated in Chile by American archaeologist Dillehay from the late 1970s to the late 1980s) was dated to 14,000 years before the present, such wishful thinking ended. South America suddenly appeared firmly on the archaeological map as a major area with a disturbingly different prehistory from North America. That the site was excavated by an US archaeologist eased the pain in the US a little and after some hesistation, the cherished Clovis First theory was finally ditched.
However, there was a strange layer with what appeared to be human artefacts deep below MV2, named MV1. Dillehay had found traces of a much earlier human presence at Monte Verde, dating back as much as 33,000 years before the present. The wily archaeologist knew his US colleagues and so he barely mentioned MV1 in his book on the site, saying only that
"... although the stratigraphy is intact, the radiocarbon dates are valid, and the human artefacts are genuine, I hesitate to accept this older level without more evidence and without sites of comparable age elsewhere in the Americas."
MV1 was covered up for future excavation and Dillehay concentrated on having MV2 accepted, judging that the time was not yet ripe for MV1. As the case of the Pedra Furada site shows only too clearly, Dillehay's thinking was spot on and his simple but clever tactics were fully justified. The archaeological establishment (and not just in the Americas) is - how can one put this tactfully? - not exclusively peopled by specialists dedicated to the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. Politics and questions of national pride do tend to intrude, quite often and quite heavily.
Prof Guidon is a strong, self-assured woman with few diplomatic bones in her body. She says what she thinks and damn the consequences. That she is a very sympathetic human being and not an automaton operating on slogans in the hard world of American archaeology can be a serious drawback, as she soon found out. Covering up a find to wait for more auspicious times to publish would definitively not be Prof. Guidon's style. Being a woman and French (one can almost hear the indrawn breath of horror from the archaeoelogical establishments) she is, moreover, not "one of us". So, her findings are routinely denigrated, discussed into oblivion or simply ignored. She also made life easy for her detractors by publishing more in general magazines and in languages that do not register much in world of American archaeology rather than in peer-reviewed scientific journals which weakened her professional position further.
In the following part of an interview with Prof. Guidon, she answers to the Athena question by mentioning the main strength of her argument: that "people placed stones to make a fire in it", i.e. that the ash layers found were not just of ash blown into the shelter from forest fires outside. The argument has been made by her for years but it has not registered with most archaeoelogists. However, two of Fabio Parenti's remarks a and c put a finger on what are two of Prof Guidon's genuine problems with the outside archaeological world.
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Part of an interview with Niède Guidon published in Athena Review, Vol.3, no.2 (March 2002): "Peopling of the America" For the full interview see http://www.athenapub.com/10pfurad.htm Athena Review: Niède Guidon: Fabio
Parenti: |
Niède Guidon has made many and important contributions to community and archaeological development in the state of Piaui, Brazil. For example, she has set up a cultural center, the Musée de l'Homme Americain, and numerous community support centers that offer help to the underprivileged such as education, medical aid and various types of training. In archaeology, to judge from her publications, her main interest is in rock painting, rather than dating technologies. She has a degree in Natural History from the University of Sao Paulo and a doctorate in Archaeology from Sorbonne University in Paris. In 1978 she petitioned the Brazilian government to create the Parque Nacional Serra de Capivara on which she concentrated her archaeoelogical energies during the next 25 years. Her findings were first brought into the spotlight in 1986 with a publication in the British magazine Nature, in which she claimed to have discovered 32,000 year old hearths and human artifacts. The claim remains highly controversial and is still unproven to this day.
In 1988 she began a partnership with IBAMA (Brazilian Institution for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources). She has also been active in helping to improve Brazilian educational standards by agitating for the building of more and better schools, she started a successful ceramics business, contributed to the welfare of children and is active in many other fields of social work. Clearly Prof. Guidon is a social force, a brilliant organizer of activities and campaigns and a great propagandist of her manifold causes. She is what the Americans call "a mover and shaker". What she is not, is a great scientific debater. Her arguments have remained less than convincing and tend to leave her open to further attack. She does not deserve this.
What the Pedra Furada site now needs is not a continuation of the bickering of the last decades with a closely-knit "Furada gang" defending their claims against a ramshackle collection of outside detractors who are given only inadequate data and often do not know precisely what it is that they are attacking. Sympathetic but not sycophantic outside researchers need access to the site to give impartial reports. The scientific world also deserves more detailed scientific reports, as opposed to the partisan propaganda pieces that both side have been throwing at each other. These must be written by scientists from all parties prepared to write impartially.
Unless Prof Guidon tackles the sites publications problem from a new angle, the Furada debate will go on endlessly and pointlessly. Discoverer, chief excavator and almost solo main drive behind the Pedra Furada mega-site, Prof. Niède Guidon together with her mostly local staff has found more than 800 archaeological sites in and around the Capivara National Park. The sites contain tens of thousands of rock paintings, making it one of the most specatcular archaeoleogical discoveries in the Americas and indeed the world. The site is not an UNESCO World Heritage Site for nothing.
Pedra Furada is both famous and notorious, a major tourist attraction of the first order and probably a good money-spinner. Scientifically, however, the Pedra Furada researchers are not taken seriously and are regarded as the archaeological equivalent of loose cannons. This is a genuine tragedy since the site and the researchers working there could be of absolutely major scientific importance if
(a) the excavators could resist making wild claims without
sufficient substantiating data, and
(b) worked more more closely with independent outside advisors and
helpers, and
(c) published more of their results with much more detail.
If they did so, outside researchers would find it easier to accept the results produced at the site and the hard-line detractors would find it much harder to talk down the site's importance.
N. Guidon and B. Arnaud defend their
position on the "controversial" Pedra Furada
results Editor's
foreword The text below is reprinted from World
Archaeology, 1991, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 167-178. It was
(bravely!) published during the peak of the "Clovis
First" hysteria in the US when orthodox opinion had it
that there could not be archaeological finds in the Americas
older than Clovis, i.e. around 10-11,000 years before the
present. Older dates that occasionally turnedup were
routinely dismissed as errors or worse. Despite its age
(1991), the article remains topic and right on the spot. From the 1970s more and more "dating errors" turned up
and many of them (horribile dictu!) in South America
where, as any fool thought he knew, migrants from North
America arrived last and not first. The dam broke
some time after the American archaeologist Th. D. Dilleyhay
(who had started to excavate at Monte Verde in Chile) in
1977) found human traces dating back to 14,000 years before
the present . Worse yet, he also found traces of a human
presence In Chile dating back 33,000 years. However, he
thought it prudent to cover these up these older finds again
and put only this aon the record about them: In the 1990s the Clovis First theory collapsed in all but
name under the weight of accumulating evidence. It took
another decade or more until in 2007 the following words
finally appeared in the most respected of all American
scientific journals, Science: Archaeologists then accepted dates up to 15,000 years
before the present. Ever since, reported ages of finds have
grown older with only a little of the previous
unpleasantness still thrown at them. The days of sending
heretics to the stake for burning were over. With one exception. Niède Guidon is an archaeologist working on the
Pedra Furada site in Piaui state, Brazil, since the 1970s.
She dared to publish dates as ancient as 32,000 years in
1986 when "Clovis First" and "nothing can be older than
Clovis" were still ruling the world of American archaeology
and anything else was heresy. For this impertinence she was
vilified, cut off from polite archaeological society, cast
into outer darkness. Anything she published thereafter was
treated by "respectable" archaeologists as something not far
short of archaeological pornography. After the death of Clovis First this attitude mellowed a
little but not as much as it should have. Clearly, being a
woman and having been right was an unforgivable combination
of deadly sins. Prof. Guidon is no longer attacked for her
results - these are now merely declared to be
"controversial". This overlooks the fact that most
archaeological results are open to revision, doubt and
uncertainty. Almost all could, given a bit of ill will, be
called "controversial". In the case of Prof. Guidon,
however, "controversial must be translated into archaeospeak
where it stands for injured pride and means "we do not
accept her results whatever her results are - so there!"
Other archaeologists now report finds that parallel some of
Prof. Guidon's (but not the oldest) claims, and they are not
called "controversial". The childishness of the last decades
looks set to diminish gradually but to continue for a while
yet. Questioning results is basic to archaeology, but raising
scepticism to the point of accepting nothing that does not
fit one's own prejudices is rather like stamping your little
foot when you don't like something. Childish. The following article was published in 1991 at a time
when Prof Guidon and her group were under severe attack from
the US "Clovis First" orthodoxy. Under the circumstances,
the article is admirably moderate in tone. It also has a lot
to say about general archaeological manners and the doubt
that surrounds all and any archaeological finds. The article
has much wider significance than its immediate cause. Do not
take my word for it - read it! George Weber Click the following picture to access the Guidon-Arnaud
arguments in our Reprint
section: Pedra Furada 36,000 years old Niède Guidon and Elliany S. La Salvia (
Fundação Museu do Homem Americano,
Piaui), have published "Some Evidence of a Date of the
First Humans to Arrive in Brazil" This highly technical article on dating with
thermoluminescence comes to the following
conclusion:
... although the stratigraphy is intact, the
radiocarbon dates are valid, and the human artefacts are
genuine, I hesitate to accept this older level without
more evidence and without sites of comparable age
elsewhere in the Americas.
The archaeological data now show that Clovis
does not represent the earliest inhabitants of the
Americas and that a new model is needed to explain the
peopling of the Americas.
----together with
Shiegueo Watanabe, Walter Elias Feria Ayta, and
Henrique Hamaguchi (Instituto de Fisica, São
Paulo),
Silvia Maranca (Museo de Arqueologia e Ethnologia,
Universidade de São Paulo), and
Oswaldo Baffa Filho (Dep. Fisica e
Matemática, Universidade de São
Paulo)
in the Journal of Archaeoleogical
Science, 2003, vol. 30:351-354From the present work we can conclude
that the calcite was formed on the rockwall
paintings at least about 36,000 years ago.Hence,
human beings that painted them did it before
36,000 years ago. This value reinforces results
obtained by archaeologists at Serra da Capivara
(e.g. Pedra Furada.) using C14 method.
4. Toca do Boqueirao do Sitio da Pedra Furada: fireplaces, tools, coproliths and many strata
An maximum age claim of 32,000 years for ashes found in "hearths" that has made it into Nature (Guidon N. and Delibrias G. 1986. " Carbon-14 dates point to man in the Americas 32,000 years ago". Nature, vol., 321:769-771, 17 May 1989). These claims cannot just be put away as "ridiculous". More than 10 years after these dates have been published, they are still not accepted and continue to be quietly ignored, or at best labelled "controversial" when their mention cannot be avoided. The results were simply not accepted without further ado, for no clearly discernible reason. The article did have some shortcoming but these were also included in the deafening silence and not really discussed.
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Stratification of the Toca do Boqueirao do Sitio da Pedra Furada. (adapted from Guidon N. and Delibrias G. 1986.
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E. Last occupations, gravel and pebble bed, rich in organic matter (ash, charcoal), C14 age 5,500 before present, rock art: Agreste tradition
D. brown-beige sand with coarse grains, gravel and pebbles, C14 age oldest 7,640±140 years before present, C14 age youngest 6,160±130 years before present, rock art: Nordeste tradition
C. Pinkish sand and silt, C14 age oldest 21,400±400 years before present, C14 age youngest 8,050±170 years before present, rock art: spalled pictographs from walls
B. Similar to A but less coarse material, C14 age oldest 32,160±1,000 years before present, C14 date youngest 23,500±390 years before present, rock art: painted fragments spalled from walls
A. Sand and coarse grains, pebbles, and silt, compact, no
C14 date given, occupation by humans claimed but no evidence
given.
rock art: none
The speckled areas are called "well-structured hearths" in the Guidon-Delibrias article, implying their human origin. The drawing above shows layers of ash (named "hearths" in the paper) which we have renamed, cautiously, "human-made hearths or alternatively layers of ash from forest fires". This is because the drawing shows no structure within the "hearth layers" which would argue for ash from forest fires. "Structure" is mentioned only in the text accompanying the illustration - and it makes all the difference:
"We have excavated a sequencee containing abundant lithic industry and well-structured hearths at all levels. Carbon-14 dates from charcoal establish a continuous chronology indicating human occupation from 6,160±130 to 32,160±100 before the present. A date of 17,000±400 years, obtained from charcoal found in a level with fragments of a pictograph fallen from the walls, testifies to the antiquity of rupestral (rock) art in this region of Brazil.Two dates, 31,700±830 years (Gif-6652) and 32,160±1,000 years (Gif-6653) have been obtained from charcoal coming from the first hearth found at the site. The next stage, Pedra Furada II, produced 711 lithigc pieces. Eight different hearths with correspond to eight distinct periods of occupation have been dated, giving ages from 23,000±390 years (Gif-6158) to 29,860±650 years (Gif-6651). ... Hence the site of Pedra Furada was occupied at different times and probably on a temporary basis from 32,000 to 23,000 years before the present. This occupation is supported by the presence of numerous hearths and the abundant evidence of lithic industry."
It is unfortunate that these hearths (or structures) are not shown as drawings or photographs in the article, allowing the detractors of the claim to simply ignore their existence. It is still more unfortunate that the matter has never been decided. Compare, by way of contrast, the wily way in which Prof. Dillehay had his results at Monte Verde accepted.
It is doubtful that such a "quiet killing" of a proposal would have been tried (or been successful for 20 years) if a more combative male had been at the receiving end of it. Since 1986 the question has not been decided but simply left to be forgotten. We at the Andaman Association would not be the only group to cheer if Prof. Guidon took up this matter again, perhaps spicing up the resurrection with new results gained in the light of new discoveries made in the meantime, including the death of the "Clovis First" theory which was in full poisonous bloom in 1986.
Prof. Guidon's proposal and C14-dates of 1986 do not look nearly as heretical in 2007 as they did then, although they are still fairly sensational. Do the dates need re-checking or updating? Prof Guidon should take up the matter again and publish what she has been forced to hold back. She would also be wise to take more impartial outside advice, especially on how to publish, when, where, what and how. I am sure the frustration levels among her staff and in herself would be quickly and substantially reduced while her enemies would be left in disarray.
Below: Map of the rockshelter Toca do Boqueirao do Sitio da Pedra Furada. The two-pointed red arrrow indicates the position of the stratification shown in the drawing above.
Vertical profile of the rockshelter Toca do Boqueirao do
Sitio da Pedra Furada (adapted from Guidon N. and Arnaud B.
1991. "The Chronology of the New World: two faces of one
reality". World Archaeology, vol. 23, no. 1, pp.
167-178). The archaeological area is shown light brown at the
bottom of the shelter.
It is possible that traces of early human activity at Pedra Furada (and other sites) even older than 30,000 years have been found at the Pedra Firada site. Needless to say, any such claims made by the excavators are fiercely disputed by other archaeologists - and the the standard controversy continues
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Two chipped stone tools - chipped by natural processes to
by humans? Or possibly a combination of both? It is possible that naturally splintered pebbles (for example by a fall from the high cliffs of the area) were later picked up by humans and used as tools. Since there are large numbers of such tool-like forms all over the area, the latter option would not seem too far-fetched. The pebbles came from just above the Toca do Boqueirao do Sitio da Pedra Furada rockshelter where they had eroded out of the bedrock above tand fell, naturally, right in front of the cave.
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Enlargement 500x from the broken edge on the right side of stone B above produce further indications that the chipped stones had been used by humans. The two red arrows point at linear tracks of plastically reformed silica that Dr. Bonnichsen identified as indicating tool movement in two directions. It is indeed difficult to think of a natural process that could produce such marks not on just one but on many of the 12,000 such pebbles found. Nevertheless, the matter has not been resolved and those marks remain "controversial".
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The difficulty of finding clear and unambiguous traces of a human presence in the Americas is that the first arrivals almost certainly were few in numbers. Finding their rare and very faint traces needs not only a lot of patience but also a huge amount of sheer luck. Proto- and pre-humans have lived in Africa for millions of years and even if their remains were rarely preserved, they were there long enough to leave behind many traces for us to find. In the Americas, if humans really have been there for, let us say, 50,000 years, this relative blink-of-an-eye period of residence would not have been long enough to leave more than a few traces - unless the earliest Americans arrived in large numbers which is most unlikely.
5. Human remains and coproliths
A few human remains have been found at Pedra Furada (namely at sites 023 and 090) but when compared to Lagoa Santa, they are rare. The dates of the few remains found also are younger than "Luzia" of Lagoa Santa which is estimated to have lived 12,500 years before the present. The reasons for the scarcity of remains and their (relatively) younger dates can only be guessed at. The dry environmental conditions at Pedra Furada should actually favour the preservation of human remains more than at Lagoa Santa. However, the very different soil chemistry at the two mega-sites may have played a role (compare the different conditions of the Luzia and the ZuZu skull). Orperhaps it is just "excavator's luck", in this case, bad luck for Pedra Furada. With more than 800 known sites (and uncounted sites still to be discovered, no doubt) only a few sites could have been excavated so far. It is certain that among the many sites that have not yet been investigated, there are quite a few surprises waiting to be found.
One find named "ZuZu" from the Toca dos Coqueiros (site 090) has been dated to around 11,000 (calibrated) C14 years before the present. ZuZu lived 1,300 km to the north of Lagoa Santa. He is thought to have been male but this is not universally accepted since the craniometric and the molceular evidence are contradictory. However, it is clear is that his (or her) cranial features are similar to those of "Luzia". The Lagoa Santa people appear to have occupied much of the Brazilian Atlantic coast at that time - an enormous area and a very early date for such a wide spread.There is a great deal we do not know yet about these people. The fact that "Luzia" appears to be slightly more ancient than "ZuZu" could indicate a northward movement of the Lagoa Santa Palaeoindians butut the difference in age is small enough to be mere coincidence. The Lagoa Santa people could already have occupied the entire Atlantic coast at the time of "Luzia" - with "ZuZu" merely living a little later.
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The ZuZu skull from Toca dos Coqueiros (site 090). |
The Serra da Capivara National Park in northeastern Brazil is one of the richest archaeological regions in South America. Nonetheless, so far only two paleoindian skeletons have been exhumed from the local rockshelters. The oldest one (9,870 6 50 BP; CAL 11060 6 50), uncovered in Toca dos Coqueiros and known as Zuzu represents a rare opportunity to explore the biological relationships of paleoindian groups living in northeastern Brazil. As previously demonstrated, South and Central America Paleoindians present skull morphology distinct from the one found nowadays in Amerindians and similar to Australo-Melanesians. Here we test the hypothesis that Zuzu shows higher morphological affinity with Paleoindians. However, Zuzu is a controversial skeleton since previous osteological assessments have disagreed on several aspects, especially regarding its sex. Thus, we compared Zuzu to males and females independently. Morphological affinities were assessed through clustering of principal components considering 18 worldwide populations and through principal components analysis of the individual dispersion of five key regions for America’s settlement. The results obtained do not allow us to refute the hypothesis, expanding the known geographical dispersion of the Paleoindian morphology into northeast Brazil. To contribute to the discussion regarding Zuzu’s sex, a new estimation is presented based on visual inspection of cranial and postcranial markers, complemented by a discriminant analysis of its morphology in relation to the paleoindian sample. The results favor a male classification and are consistent with the mortuary offerings found in the burial, yet do not agree with a molecular determination.
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A complete skeleton found at Toca do Boqueirao da Pedra Furada (site 023) estimated to be 9,200 years old. |
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To be blunt, coprolites are fossil turds, vulgo shit. The coprolites shown here are of human origin and were excavated at site 023. They are thought to be between 7,000 and 8,500 years old. Analysis of the find revealed some remarkable details on the health problems that early Americans faced. They did not live in paradise. The coproliths revealed eggs of parasitical whipworms (Trichuridae) and hookworms (Ancylostoma). Palynological analysis revealed that the sufferers from these intestinal pests tried to defend themselves by eating as many as 12 different kinds of potentially medicinal plants. Of the 12 plants three (of the genera Anacardium, Borreria and Terminalia ) were certainly taken as medicine against the symptoms caused by the parasites. |
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Different aspects of three stone tools. Stone tools can be dated directly only in unusual circumstances. Usually, dating needs be done by indirect methods. The tools shown here are claimed to be sensationally old, between 25,000 and 32,000 years on the basis of charcoal particles found in their vicinity (see remarks earlier in this chapter on the C14 dating of charcoal particles). |
5. Rock paintings and engravings
In 2005 at Pedra Furada 839 archaeological sites had been identified, of which 626 have rock paintings and carvings. Tens of thousands of rock paintings make them a major aspect of the Pedra Furada mega-site. With the the folllowing we show only three samples which, of course, cannot possibly do justice to the enormous variety of styles available. Unfortunately, little scientific research has been published about them. Rock art is generally difficult to date. For those wishing to go into more detail, see the following work:
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Dating and the Earliest Known Rock Art |
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A rock engraving at Pedra Furada (site unidentified). Such engravings are even harder to date than rock paintings since they do not paint that could (with luck) be dated. The only possible way to date such works is if the rock has broken off the wall and fallen to the ground. Material at the top of the layer of soil beneath the rock can then (again with luck) be dated to give at least a "latest date" for the carving. The same method, of course, also works for paintings. The rock with the carving shown here has not broken off, unfortunately. The signs carved have been interpreted as stylized vulvas, possibly marking a site of fertility ceremonies. (from the web-site of the Fundação Museu do Homem Americano, Piaui, see link below) |
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A complex combination of scenes (some likely to have been painted at different times) at site 023. The interpretation of such a scene (or scenes) is even more difficult than the dating and often simply has to remain inspired guesswork. (from the web-site of the Fundação Museu do Homem Americano, Piaui, see link below) |
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Rock painting at the Toca do Morcego site in a style quite different from that above. One labour intensive method of (rougly) dating rock paintings is to compare various styles in an attempt to find out which were earlier and which later, i.e. putting the various styles into some sort of sequence which can then - without the same major effort - be transferred to other sites where the styles match. It is not a precise or very certain method but often the only one available. Prof Andre Prous has done some work in this direction at the Santano da Riacho site in Minas Gerais, but not at Pedra Furada. (from the web-site of the Fundação Museu do Homem Americano, Piaui, see link below) |
Among web-sites with further information are:
- http://www.fumdham.org.br/parque.asp
- http://www.fumdham.org.br/pinturas.asp (rock painting)- http://www.fumdham.org.br/mapas.asp (maps)
- http://www.fumdham.org.br/geologia.asp (geology)
- http://www.fumdham.org.br/clima.asp (climate)
- http://www.fumdham.org.br/fauna.asp (fauna)
- http://www.fumdham.org.br/flora.asp (flora)
- http://www.archaeologyfieldwork.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=3108&sid=e01ca74105a86363bd47c9427fbeaf87 (microwear analysis)
- http://www.topicos.net/fileadmin/pdf/2003/2/Felsmalereien.pdf (rock paintings)
- http://www.ditomorales.com/furada.htm (photographs)
- http://www.athenapub.com/10pfurad.htm (interview with N. Guidon)
- http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/pedrafurada.html (on the "inflated dating debate")
- http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s990775.htm (on the "inflated dating debate")
- http://rupestreweb2.tripod.com/arqueobrasil.html (early populations discussed)
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